quantitative inheritance वाक्य

Estimation in biology / animal breeding using standard ANOVA / REML methods of variance components such as heritability, shared-environment, maternal effects etc . typically requires individuals of known relatedness such as parent / child; this is often unavailable or the pedigree data unreliable, leading to inability to apply the methods or requiring strict laboratory control of all breeding ( which threatens the external validity of all estimates ), and several authors have noted that relatedness could be measured directly from genetic markers ( and if individuals were reasonably related, economically few markers would have to be obtained for statistical power ), leading Kermit Ritland to propose in 1996 that directly measured pairwise relatedness could be compared to pairwise phenotype measurements ( Ritland 1996, " A Marker-based Method for Inferences About Quantitative Inheritance in Natural Populations " ) to combine estimated genetic relatedness with phenotypic measurements to estimate variance components such as heritability or genetic correlations . and subsequently applied to plants / animals